The Thrill of the Grass Essay Example

The Thrill of the Grass Essay The manner in which individuals respond and feel to an occasion can rely upon the earth or any place this occasion happens. This occasion can be anything from an extraordinary to a basic occasion, for example, grass. The Thrill of the Grass shows how energetic individuals can be for the straightforward joys throughout everyday life and what they will do to secure it, where an occasion happens can likewise impact how one would respond to the basic delights throughout everyday life. The storyteller in this story is so energetic about the new fake turf and how it isn't the correct method to play the sport of baseball. He (the storyteller) really gets into the deserted arena effortlessly in view of the baseball strike that was going on in the mid year of 1981 and the way that he has been a locksmith for more than forty years. He sees the falsely grass as a malignant element that would sear players that slide on it in the orange gleaming sun of the night. He realizes that the correct activity would need to supplant the fake turf with normal grass. Continuously in the night accomplishes the storyteller work to dispose of all the fake grass and supplant it with regular grass. He generally attempts to work around evening time or at some other time when very few individuals are up. At the point when he is in the baseball field at these cryptic occasions he just needs the individuals who additionally have faith in his reason for having genuine, new grass for playing baseball. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Thrill of the Grass explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on The Thrill of the Grass explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on The Thrill of the Grass explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer His companions and himself would appreciate working around evening time resting line by-line of turf and gradually restoring the field once more into what it used to be. The basic delights in life in the correct condition can drive one to the extraordinary and even make one stand up and attempt to guard what they believe is correct even it is as basic as grass. Where an occasion happens can likewise change how one would regularly respond to that occasion. T

My Memoirs Essay

I am Jack Merridrew, when I was more youthful I went to a house of God school where I was head kid and section chorister. My ensemble and I were being cleared from England due to the virus war. None of us knew where we were going, however any place it was it would be sheltered. I figured it would be an incredible experience however I was surely refuted. This is the manner by which my experience started. We were on the plane, which was taking us to our new goal, when the lights started to flash and the windows started to shake. The following thing I realized we had slammed. I woke up the following morning to wind up lying on a fix of grass with a portion of the ensemble young men. I was not harmed yet slightly stunned at what had occurred. I didn’t understand where we were nevertheless I realized I would endure some way or another. The climate was agonizingly hot and the air was soggy. I drove my ensemble into the woodland where we discovered bunches of organic product. I utilized not to eat a lot of organic product yet I was so eager I ate as a lot of it as my stomach would take. There was where we had the option to drink from, the water tasted so new, the freshest I’ve ever tasted. I heard a boisterous clamor, I didn’t know precisely what it was nevertheless it seemed like a horn. My ensemble and I followed the clamor, until we went to a stage, where there were loads of different young men. One of the young men was blowing a conch. I can recall requesting the ensemble to remain in line with the goal that we looked adequate and legitimate. The kid with the conch presented himself as Ralph and there was a fat kid with him, wearing adjusted displays. Simon from my ensemble swooned like he typically did, on the grounds that he was an epileptic. Different young men and I had examined our circumstance and had built up that there were no grown-ups on the island, so I recommended that I ought to be boss since I was head kid. Ralph chose to have a decision on who ought to be pioneer. It ought to have been me, yet they picked Ralph due to that ludicrous conch thing that he had. I was amazingly angry and baffled; Ralph said that my ensemble could be trackers and clearly I was pioneer of the trackers. Ralph proposed that we ought to investigate where we were to ensure we were on an island. He revealed to me the fat boy’s genuine name was Piggy. Piggy needed to accompany us. I snickered and advised him to return to the others. In the event that Piggy had accompanied us he would have eased back us down. As we were investigating we heard a screeching clamor. We rushed to perceive what it was. A pig was tangled in certain creepers. I pulled out my blade, prepared to cut its throat. Something in me prevented me from executing the pig, possibly it was the idea of the blade experiencing the substance or perhaps it was on the grounds that I was excessively honest. I didn’t care what the explanation was at that point. Ralph and Simon were taking a gander at me I felt embarrassed and furious, I promised to myself that I would kill it next time. At the point when we were sure that we were on an island, we consented to fabricate a sign fire on the highest point of the mountain so we could be saved. At the point when we were still down on the stage a littulin said that there was a â€Å"beastie† on the island. I realized that he was simply apprehensive in light of the fact that he was from home. I needed everybody to realize that I was solid so I vowed to murder the mammoth on the off chance that I saw it. We figured out how to get heaps of leaves and bits of wood for a fire; however we had no matches to light a fire. I grabbed Piggy’s glasses and figured out how to sparkle the light through them causing a touch of smoke. I blew it a piece and it lit the leaves and sticks. In minutes the fire gained out of power and it cleared down the side of the mountain. After the fire a portion of the littulins had seen the kid with the pigmentation all over was missing. We reached the resolution that he was executed during the fire. I didn’t especially care. It wasn’t at all my flaw. The littulin ought to have been increasingly cautious. Chasing was getting extremely dull, as there was nothing to execute. I frantically required meat; I was set up to execute, to demonstrate to the remainder of the young men that I ought to be boss not Ralph. All Ralph thought about was making cottages, adhering to the guidelines and getting protected. I realized that we wouldn’t escape; I simply needed to have a ton of fun and benefit as much as possible from our time on the island with no grown-ups. As time passed on the island my garments got worn and tore yet I didn’t care. I had the option to make paints for my face out of berries and mud; I spread it all over my face as cover to help me in the woodland. It was my new personality. At the point when we went chasing we found a pig, we pursued it and murdered it with our lances. I felt successful and triumphant. The fragile living creature and blood didn't concern me by any stretch of the imagination; I simply needed the meat. We walked gladly back to the sea shore. Ralph didn’t even consideration that I had got some meat; he just thought about a boat that had gone past, and hadn’t seen us. It wasn’t my issue the sign fire had gone out, we needed to proceed to chase. The boat presumably wouldn’t have seen the fire in any case. I don’t know why yet I took my outrage out on Piggy and his glasses got broken. As regular Ralph stood up for Piggy like he generally did. At the point when we were simmering the pig I realized that Ralph was envious that he hadn’t been a piece of the chase, which is the reason he ought to have let me become boss since I was increasingly fun then he. At some point while I was on the sea shore a something tumbled from the air. We as a whole idea it was a mammoth; I was even tricked from the start. When Ralph, some different bigguns and I went to search for the brute, I didn’t truly recognize what animal I was searching for. I went up to the highest point of the mountain alone. There was an immense lump close to a rock; I couldn’t make out what sort of animal it was. It was incredibly dull; I returned up there with Roger and Ralph. It moved. Just because I was really frightened. Be that as it may, I before long disregarded it since I wasn’t truly pestered. After I got off the island I never discovered what it was on the grounds that when the examination group went up to the mountain there was nothing there. While we were having a gathering on the stage, I needed another decision in favor of another boss. I was astonished and embarrassed when they despite everything decided in favor of Ralph. They ought to have picked me. I went off all alone to think; I wasn’t astonished however when my trackers came to search for me. My trackers would prefer to be in a clan with me than Ralph. I concluded I would make my very own clan. Everyone realized I was the most grounded on the island; I would have the option to give food. In the event that I kept everybody frightened they would join my clan. I welcomed Ralph to a major banquet that I was having, while two of my trackers went to take fire from them. He didn't understand my arrangement. It was to keep my companions close yet my adversaries closer. All the young men went to my blowout since I could give them food. I requested that individuals join my clan, about everybody joined, aside from Piggy and Ralph. At the point when Simon crept out of the woodland and into our circle I thought for a second that it was a mammoth. In any case, everybody including myself lost it beating him as though he was the mammoth; I just couldn’t quit hitting him with my lance. It resembled my body had been taken over by fiendish. I didn’t intend to slaughter him. The following day I chose to move my clan to Castle Rock since it was increasingly encased and Ralph wouldn’t have the option to attack my area. We had no chance to get of getting fire so we plotted together to proceed to take Piggy’s glasses. At the point when I returned from chasing the following day, I discovered Ralph at Castle Rock, we started to contend then began to battle. My clan took Sam and Eric prisoner with the goal that Piggy and Ralph were currently all alone. Ralph was all the while standing up for Piggy. He instructed me to give back Piggy’s glasses however there was no chance that I was going to give Piggy his glasses they were currently mine. While Piggy was remaining in the passage fighting about his glasses, Roger discharged a gigantic rock. It came tearing down the bluff and crushed Piggy’s skull in two. It didn’t trouble me, I was so happy he was off the beaten path. Presently I simply expected to dispose of Ralph. I tossed my lance down at him however missed. He escaped and ran into the woodland. I needed Ralph dead. My clan and I went into the woods to chase him down. We wore out his concealing spot to clear him out. Ralph went through the woodland and over the stage, he tumbled to the ground. This was my opportunity to execute him, to give him I could do what I needed in light of the fact that I was solid and incredible. In any case, as we looked into a maritime official looked down at us and stated, â€Å"Have you been having a war or something?† That is the point at which I realized my experience was finished. I was completely astounded. All the scorn in me left. Abruptly I didn’t feel so amazing and solid, I felt little and powerless like a littulin. At the point when the official asked who was supervisor Ralph stated, â€Å"I am.† I don’t know why I didn’t state anything. Possibly it was on the grounds that I was frightened or perhaps it was on the grounds that I was rarely a genuine boss. We were put onto a boat, which returned us to England. The maritime officials were astounded that three individuals had been killed. They were posing such a significant number of inquiries. I stayed silent; I didn’t need the officials to realize I was one of the young men that raised a large portion of the ruckus on the island. After we were safeguarded, the war was over for a month. I was sent back home with the remainder of the young men. I discovered it unimaginably hard attempting to settle once again into an acculturated society. I had been back at home for just seven days when there was a letter in the post illuminating me regarding an investigation into Piggy and Simon’s passings. I thought that it was hard to recall what had occurred. In any case, when I pondered it increasingly more I remembered everything in fine detail. I continued reasoning imagine a scenario in which they see me as liable for Simon’s passing. Would they send me to jail? All through the space of about fourteen days I was removed in and from the police headquarters to compose numerous announcements on the killings, which as well

How to Make Facebook Group Member A Moderator

How to Make Facebook Group Member A Moderator Facebook Group is very important for building your Blog or Website community. Large active community member means your group is going to push your site at the top. For long run success you must have a group for your site. However a group is not possible to manage by single person (admin). Because single admin can be busy for other works and s/he may not get enough time to approve posts from group members. So the solution was adding multiple admin in a group. From my Past experience I have seen a site with multiple admin is dangerous for group, because if one admin wish to delete or remove all users from group then s/he can remove all group members, even other admin also. As a result Facebook group page is not safe if multiple admin we include. Facebook has introduced moderator role and now any Group admin can add group moderator for manage groups. However Admin and Moderator havent same controlling power. The main different between Admin and Moderator is Admin has all controlling power but Moderator cant play roles like Admin. The Role of Facebook Group Admin We are aware about Facebook Group Admin controlling power. You can get details from below points. Facebook Group Admin can make another Group member an admin or moderator. S/he has full controlling power to remove other admin or moderator. Admin can manage group settings such as group name, cover photo and privacy settings change. Generally Admin can approve or deny membership requests. Approve or deny posts from Group members in the group. S/he also can remove or delete posts and comments on posts. Remove and block people from the group. For highlighting a post Admin can pin or unpin a post. Group Admin can view support inbox. So Facebook Group Admin can do anything whatever they like. The Role of Facebook Group Moderator Facebook Group Moderator has less controlling power than Admin. Please go through details for more information. Facebook Group Moderator hasnt any power to make another Group member an admin or moderator. Even Moderator hasnt any controlling power to remove other admin or moderator. Moderator cannot manage group settings. Generally Moderator also can approve or deny membership requests. Facebook Group Moderator can approve or deny posts from Group members in the group. Moderator also can remove or delete posts and comments on posts like Admin. Both Moderator and Admin can remove and block people from the group. Moderator also can pin or unpin a post. Facebook Group Moderator can view support inbox. So those are the Facebook Group Moderators power and ability for managing a Group. How to Make Add a Moderator in Facebook Group? This is not a direct process that we can directly add Moderator. We can convert a Group member as Moderator. So for adding a Moderator s/he must be a group member of your Facebook Group. Please follow the below tutorial for making a Group member to Moderator. Step 1 Log into your Facebook Account and got to Group page. Step 2 Click on Members Tab from the top. And now you will see all the Group member lists. Step 3 Click Gear icon from inside the Member Box. Step 4 Now click Make Moderator. And a popup message will appear Click Make Moderator button. You can successfully added a Moderator in your Facebook Group. How to Remove a Moderator in Facebook Group? The process is bit similar but has little different. To remove the existing Moderator from your Facebook Group please follow the below steps- Step 1 Log into your Facebook Account and got to Group page. Step 2 Click on Members Tab from the top. And click Admins. You will see Admin and Moderator list on the page. Step 3 Click Gear icon from inside the Moderator Box. Step 4 Now click Remove As Moderator. And a popup message will appear Click Remove as Moderator button. Thats it. So the Moderator adding and removing process is really easy. Moderators are not same as Admin and they can manage Facebook Group on behalf of Admin. I hope this tutorial will help you to add new Moderator in your facebook Group and able to manage your Group.

Exploring Loss Of Culture And The Social And Political...

When applying these skills and knowledges, students further understand empathy, difference and the ability to see through different perspectives. For students to showcase that they have gained these skills and knowledges they will need to display an understanding of different ways of living – for example, before and after the arrival of Europeans: how that has affected the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander sense of connectedness to the land they live on. Students will recognize how being taken from your ancestral land, and removed from your community would create a disconnectedness with â€Å"White Australia† and that Aboriginal Australians are still affected by past experiences today (Price Rose, 2012). Main teaching activities Students will be exploring an inquiry question throughout the unit of â€Å"How did connectedness get broken?† (Education Australia, 2013). Within this inquiry unit students are exploring loss of culture and the social and political outcomes based on inequality and mistreatment. To ensure students understand the question and come to a solid conclusion, they will be supported throughout using a variety of resources. Students will be watching the film Kanyini (2006), which explores the idea of interconnectedness, caring, and protecting, whilst also delving into the darker side of Australian history with the oppression faced by Aboriginal Australians (Randall Hogan, 2006.) To meet the criteria stated in Ausvels (2015), students will be learning aboutShow MoreRelatedIntercultural Communication21031 Words   |  85 PagesI. INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION. FRAMEWORK ...the single greatest barrier to business success is the one erected by culture. Edward T. Hall and Mildred Reed Hall Why study Intercultural Communication? Cultural diversity and multiculturalism are the realities of everyday life for almost everyone. The growth of interdependence of people and cultures in the global society of the twenty-first century has forced us to pay more attention to intercultural issues. In order to live and functionRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesBehavior 271 Understanding Work Teams 307 Communication 335 Leadership 367 Power and Politics 411 Conflict and Negotiation 445 Foundations of Organization Structure 479 v vi BRIEF CONTENTS 4 The Organization System 16 Organizational Culture 511 17 Human Resource Policies and Practices 543 18 Organizational Change and Stress Management 577 Appendix A Research in Organizational Behavior Comprehensive Cases Indexes Glindex 637 663 616 623 Contents Preface xxii 1 1

Puritans And Salem Witch Trials - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 467 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/06/13 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Salem Witch Trials Essay Did you like this example? The year of 1962 marked a very important time in the history of the United States. It was a time where religion, culture, and societal as well as gender roles ruled peoples lives and heavily influenced their ways of living. More specifically this year marked the start of what would soon be known as the Salem Witch Trials. More than 200 people would be accused of witchcraft in the small town of Salem, Massachusetts between February of 1662 and May of 1663. A series of trials were run for the accused, but in the end 20 were declared guilty and sentenced to death by hanging. Throughout the trials, members of the English Protestants known as Puritans played an important role in the process and outcomes of many of the accused. The Puritans followed strict moral codes in order to please God in which they believed would punish them for any wrongdoings. They influenced the witch trials in a few ways such as their hostility towards people who were â€Å"different†. Puritans didn’t like to accept people who didn’t follow their strict moral codes, thus witches were frowned upon and thought to be committing sins. Although the Puritans were very strict on the way they lived and their perception of how others should, they were also very fair. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Puritans And Salem Witch Trials" essay for you Create order During the court trials, they would grant pardons for people who would admit guilt or tell the truth as they respected people’s honesty. The Salem Witch Trials would be heavily influenced by Puritan beliefs and would mark an important time in our history. The Salem Witch Trials got its name from the prosecution of witches in Salem, Massachusetts. It began in late 1691, although the killing of witches had been somewhat sporadic in Europe and the colonies. The initial event that sparked the belief in witches occured when a group of young girls began experienced fits and nightmares. As there was no medical explanation that was known of and could account for the strange behaviors of these girls, people turned to the belief that it was a result of witchcraft. After this, the fear of witches began to grow and people were so paranoid that civilians were accusing others of being witches. People accused their neighbors, friends, and in some cases even people in their own family, partially out of the fear that if they didn’t accuse anyone then they themselves may be deemed a witch. The majority of the accused were women, although after time some children were also being questioned for witchcraft. In the end, approximately 150 people were sentenced and brought to court for witchcraft, but for the court that number of people became too much to handle and those who admitted guilt were set free. 19 were sentenced to hanging as they would not â€Å"speak truthfully† and admit to being witches.

The s Legal Capacity Of Children Statute Essay - 786 Words

It is likely that a court will find Caterers Unlimited did not contract with Kris Hamilton for items deemed as necessaries under Utah’s Legal Capacity of Children statute. The statute states â€Å"a minor is bound not only for reasonable value of necessaries but also by his contracts, unless he disaffirms them.† Utah Code Ann.  § 15-2-2 (1953). The Utah court further explains this legislation in Harvey v. Hadfield, where the court specifically recognizes â€Å"the justice and propriety of refusing to enforce contracts against minors, except for necessities† and reaffirms that the purpose of the 15-2 statute is to protect minors from imprudent acts until they â€Å"have the maturity of judgment necessary to deal with opposing parties on equal terms so that it is fair and equitable to bind them by their acts.† Harvey v. Hadfield, 13 Utah 2d 258, 372 P.2d 985 (1962). Although the Utah courts have failed to explicitly define the term â€Å"necessaries, † authority from the Arizona Court of Appeals in the Valencia v. White case determined that necessaries constitute items such as food, clothing, housing, and other basic requirements to sustain life Valencia v. White, 134 Ariz. 139, 654 P.2d 287 (Ct. App. 1982). It should be noted that the Arizona court did not created a strict test to determine necessaries, instead choosing to determine each case on a â€Å"factual and reasonable basis.† In the Valencia case the minor entered into a contract crucial to the operation of his trucking company. At theShow MoreRelatedHollingsworth vs. Perry: Case Study1223 Words   |  5 Pagesthe equal protection of the laws. Section 1983 of the Civil Rights Act, 42 U.S.C.S. à ¸ ¢Ã  ¸â€¡ 1983, provides the mechanism for people to recover against the state for those violations. Section 1983 provides that, Every person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of any State or Territory or the District of Columbia, subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States or other person within the jurisdiction thereof to the deprivation of any rightsRead MoreRe : Jane s Asylum1742 Words   |  7 PagesShort Answer No. Under relevant case law, the proper person to file for asylum is Jane’s father John. Applicable Statute Gonzalez v. Reno, 212 F.3d 1338 (2000). No preexistent law compels no particular policy for plaintiffs situation, Immigration and Naturalization Service was entitled to make policy decision: that plaintiff s father was the proper person to apply for plaintiff s asylum. 2. Short Answer No. The burden of proof is on Jane to show that she has a valid asylum claim. Jane mayRead MoreContracts And Pledges : Binding Legal Relationships With Minors891 Words   |  4 PagesContracts and Pledges: Binding Legal Relationships with Minors One of elements of a valid contract is the contractual capacity which is the legal ability to enter into contracts. Minors who may have capacity enter into a valid contract, can also avoid liability arising out of it by virtue of being a minor for in law, they are not legally bound by contracts. In all the States of the U.S., all persons who are less than 18 years old are minors. However, this right to void a contract entered into byRead MoreSalomon v A Salomon Co Ltd1337 Words   |  6 Pagescreditors of an insolvent company could not sue the company s shareholders to pay up outstanding debts. Facts[edit] MrAron Salomon made  leather  boots and shoes in a large  Whitechapel High Street  establishment. His sons wanted to become business partners, so he turned the business into a limited company. His wife and five eldest children became subscribers 5 and two eldest sons also directors. Mr Salomon took 20,000 of the company s 20,006 shares. Transfer of the business took place on June 1Read MoreThe Case Salomon V Salomon Co Ltd1242 Words   |  5 PagesAt law, a company will become a new and separate legal entity and have limited liability once it is incorporated, and is capable of entering into contracts, and to sue and be sued. It will be completely separate from the members who have formed the company, and from the members that manage it. The separate legal personality was first established in the case Salomon v Salomon Co Ltd and described the doctrine as a ‘double-edged sword’. This essay will explain the competing interests of this doctrineRead MoreHobby Lob by The Court Reiterated1898 Words   |  8 Pagesrequiring health insurance to cover both Germanotta’s and Maraj s claims. Now the Court will decide whether either or both Germanotta and Maraj can be legally classified as Bridge s wives. The right to marry is a fundamental First Amendment right, and is derived from one s right to privacy. Therefore, as a fundamental right, any government regulation restricting marriage must pass the strict scrutiny test. Polygamy currently is not legal; in order to obtain a marriage license in Nevada, a requirementRead MoreThe Issue Of The Juvenile Justice System Essay1539 Words   |  7 Pagesmeaning Young (who has not attained the age of 18 years). A Children have been recognized supremely assets of the Nation. The government of India through its National Policy for Children stated that their nurture and solicitude are our responsibility. Equal opportunities for development to all children during the period of growth should be our aim, for this would serve our larger purpose of reducing inequality and ensuring social justice. Children ought to have been the subj ect of prime focus of developmentRead MoreBasic Concepts in the Law of Contracts5006 Words   |  21 Pagesbusiness. They are a legal mechanism used in every industry and every part of the world to structure relationships among firms, and with customers, partners, and suppliers. Over several centuries, the law governing contracts has developed a large number of doctrines. Most are consistent with common sense, but unless you know what the rules are, you can easily make a mistake. This document introduces the fundamentals of contract law most relevant to businesspeople. Important legal terms are italicizedRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?1652 Words   |  7 Pageshands of a teenager. This is the case of many unborn children. In today s society teens are allowed to have abortions with or without parental consent, even under the age of 18. Allowing abortions is overriding the basic human rights. Teens under the age of 18 shouldn t be allowed to have an abortion because of the basic human rights of a fetus. Teens themselves don t have certain rights so how are they allowed to have rights over someone else s life. Teens under the age of 18 can t get major surgeriesRead MoreCapital Punishment Of The United States1495 Words   |  6 Pagesconsequence diverge by state and have reformed over period. Numerous regions have never had capital penance, one of the example that Michigan, which eradicated it soon after joining the side of the Union. Article four, Section forty-six of Michigan s fourth part of the Constitution forbids any regulation that provides the consequence of the death. Early in the 21 century, a lawful amendment projected to permit capital punishment in particular situations miscarried to create it on the November poll

Dividend Policy free essay sample

Once a company makes a profit, they must decide on what to do with those profits. They could continue to retain the profits within the company, or they could pay out the profits to the owners of the firm in the form of dividends. Once the company decides on whether to pay dividends, they may establish a somewhat permanent dividend policy, which may in turn affect investors and perceptions of the company in the financial markets. Objective Dividend is a taxable payment declared by a companys board of directors and given to its shareholders out of the companys current or retained earnings. This coursework examines and investigates into the dividend policies adopted by companies listed on the London stock exchange and the factors that determine dividend policy. Introduction Firms use dividends as a mechanism for financial signaling to the outsiders regarding the stability and growth prospects of the firm. Secondly, dividends play an important role in a firms capital structure. Yet another set of studies have established the relationship between firm dividend and investment decisions. According to the residual dividend theory, a firm will pay dividends only if it does not have profitable investment opportunities, i. . , positive net present value projects Methodology Major theoretical and empirical papers on dividend policy are identified and reviewed. Critically discussed and compared dividend policies of three different companies. Literature Review The first empirical study of dividend policy was provided by Lintner (1956), who surveyed corporate managers to understand how they arrived at the dividend policy. Lintner found that an existing dividend rate forms a bench mark for the management. Companies’ management usually displayed a strong reluctance to reduce dividends. Lintner opined that managers usually have reasonably definitive target payout ratios over the years, dividends are increased slowly at a particular speed of adjustment, so that the actual payout ratio moves closer to the target payout ratio. Dividend irrelevance theory If a company makes money, in the form of cash inflows, that money belongs to shareholders. It should not matter whether a company keeps money and invests it or returns the money to shareholders. This is what is assumed, correctly, by most valuation methods. It is also possible to show that it should make little difference to investors whether dividends are paid or not as investors they can reproduce the cash flows of different dividend policies. For example, if a company pays out dividends, but an investor would prefer the money to be re-invested, then the investor can simply use the dividends to buy more shares. Dividend relevance theory Dividend relevance is a theory relating to the impact of dividends on organizations and individual investors. The theory advanced by Gordon and Lintner, establishes that there is a direct relationship between a firms dividend policy and its market value. Investors respond to receiving actual cash returns. Gordon and Lintner refer to this as the â€Å"Bird in hand theory† another name for dividend relevance. According to the Hewitt Investment Group, â€Å"Gordon and Lintner†assert that dividends received today are preferable to future dividends, which are subject to uncertainty. Higher certainty will cause investors to ascribe a higher risk premium to those payments, thereby increasing a firms cost of capital (by decreasing the value of stock)† (Hewitt, 2002, p. 5). Miller and Modigliani [1961] view dividend payment as irrelevant. According to them, the investor is indifferent between dividend payment and capital gains. Miller and Rock [1985], for instance, develop a model in which dividend announcement effects emerge from the asymmetry of information between owners and managers. The dividend announcement provides shareholders and the marketplace the missing piece of information about current earnings upon which their estimation of  the firms future (expected) earnings is based. The latter, of course, determines the current market value of the firm. In this respect, we can clearly see the role played by dividends. The dividend announcement provides the missing piece of information and allows the market to establish the firms current earnings. These earnings are then useed in predicting future earnings. John and Williams [1985] construct an alternative signaling model in which the source of the dividend information is liquidity driven. There are other factors influencing a firms dividend policy. For example, some studies suggest that dividend policy plays an important role in determining firm capital structure and agency costs. Since Jenson and Meckling [1976], many studies have provided arguments that link agency costs with the other financial activities of a firm. Easterbrook [1984] says that firms pay out dividends in order to reduce agency costs. Dividend payout keeps firms in the capital market, where monitoring of managers is available at lower cost. If a firm has free cash flows [Jensen (1986)], it is better off sharing them with stockholders as dividend payout (or retiring the firms debt) in order to reduce the possibility of these funds being wasted on unprofitable (negative net present value) projects. Factors determining Dividend Policy External Factors 1) Phase of trade cycle:-During the phase of boom, company may not like to distribute huge amount of profit by way of dividend though earning capacity is more because company will like to retain more profit which can be used during depression. Similarly, during depression company will like to hold dividend payment in order to preserve its liquidity position. 2) Legal Restrictions:-If a company wants to pay dividend in cash, provisions of company’s act 1956 are required to be followed by company. If the company wants to issue bonus shares, relevant SEBI guide lines are required to be followed by the company. 3) Tax Policy:-From companies point of view dividend can be paid out of profit after tax. From shareholders point of view, dividend received by them is considered to be a taxable income which increases their individual tax liability. 4) Investment Opportunities:- If investment opportunities involve higher rate of return than cost of capital, the company will like to retain profits to be invested in these projects. )Restrictions imposed by lending institutions:- Sometimes, lending banks or financial institutions impose certain restrictions on the company preventing payment of dividend if certain conditions are not fulfilled such as interest on loan is not regularly paid by company. Internal Factors 1) Attitude of Management:-If attitude of management is aggressive, it may decide to pay more dividend as the management is interested in increasing income of share holders. Whe re as if the attitude of management is conservative, company will like to retain more profits to take care of contingencies. ) Age of Company:-A growing concern will like to retain maximum profit in business in order to raise the funds while old company may follow high dividend policy. 3) Composition of Share Holders:-If a company is Private Ltd. Company having, having less number of shareholders, the company will like to retain more profits and reduces dividend. If the company is a public limited company, tax brackets of individual shareholders may not have significant impact on dividend policy of company. ) Nature of Business:-A stable company may follow long term dividend policy where as an unstable company may like to retain its profits during boom to ensure dividend policy is not affected by cyclical variations. 5) Growth rate of company:-A rapidly growing company may like to retain majority of its profits in order to take care of its expansion needs. However, care should be taken by management to invest only in those projects which yield more returns than its cost of capital. 6) Liquidity Positions:-Be fore formulating dividend policy due considerations should be given to liquidity position of ompany. Example at present, company’s cash position may be comfortable, but it may need cash within a short time to pay installments of term loans or to pay creditors for materials. In such case, finance manager may not like to impair its liquidity for making dividend payment. 7) Customs Traditions:-also affect dividend policy. Exploration and production activities include oil and natural gas exploration and field development and production (upstream activities); together with pipeline transportation and natural gas processing (midstream activities). The British Petroleum PLC pays to its shareholders dividends every three months, i. e. quarterly, in cash. The following table shows the three years Dividends (pence per ordinary share) BP PLC. As I have mentioned earlier that BP pays its shareholders every three months however, I have only declared the total yearly figure of the last three years.